|
|
Společenstva korýšů a vířníků v přirozených a revitalizovaných rašeliništích
Pfeifer, Lukáš
The theoretical part of the diploma thesis evaluates the current state of peatlands in the Czech Republic. Peatland were affected by drainage and the subsequent drying due to the peat extraction. There is the effort to restore these localities to their natural character and to protect them at present. The practical part evaluates species composition of mi-crocrustaceans and rotifers of monitored natural and restored peatlands in the Ore Mountains and Šumava. A total of 39 taxa of rotifers and planktonic crustaceans was found. The impact of restoration on these communities was evaluated based on differ-ences in species composition.
|
|
|
Vliv chronické expozice chloridazonu a jeho metabolitu chloridazon desphenylu na raka signálního
MATERNA, Jan
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of chloridazon (Ch) and its major metabolite chloridazon desphenyl (Ch-D) at environmentally relevant concentrations 0.45 micrograms/l (Ch1; Ch-D1) and 2.7 micrograms/l (Ch2; Ch-D2) on adult signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). The exposure was 30-day and followed by a 15-day depuration period. The effect of the tested substances was evaluated on the basis of behavior, biochemical profile of hemolymph, biomarker of oxidative stress and antioxidants parameters. The tested substances did not effect on the behavior of crayfish. Chloridazone at concentration 2.7 micrograms/l (Ch2) caused a significant (P<0.01) increase of glucose (GLU), lactate (LACT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in haemolymph of crayfish and changes in catalase (CAT) levels in the gills and the hepatopancreas, compared to controls. Crayfish exposed to chloridazon in both tested concentrations (0.45 micrograms/l and 2.7 micrograms/l) showed significantly (P<0.01) higher level of reduced glutathione (GSH) in hepatopancreas and gills compared to control. Exposure of chloridazon desphenyl at concentration 0.45 micrograms/l and 2.7 micrograms/l caused significantly (P<0.01) higher levels of glucose, lactate, ammonia (NH3), calcium (Ca), alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in haemolymph of exposed crayfish compared to control. Chloridazon desphenyl in both tested concentrations caused significant (P<0.01) changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the hepatopancreas and catalase (CAT) and GSH level in the gills and hepatopancreas compared to the control group. Some effects persist after a depuration period. The results showed that the metabolite chloridazon desphenyl has more pronounced effects on the physiology of adult signal crayfish than its parent compound chloridazon. It can be stated, that chloridazon and its metabolite chloridazon desphenyl has the strongly negative and harmful effects of on crayfish as representatives of non-target aquatic organisms.
|
|
|
Vliv koncentrace, teploty a doby působení na biochemické parametry raka mramorovaného (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) exponovaného neonikotinoidovému pesticidu, thiaklopridu
HUMMELOVÁ, Světlana
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of concentration, water temperature conditions and duration of action of thiacloprid on biochemical parameters of marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis). The time of this experiment was taken for 56 days (28 days of exposure and 28 days of depuration). Crayfish were divided into groups according to selected concentrations: control group without thiacloprid (K), highest detected environmental concentration 4.5 ?g?l-1 (TEN) and concentration 64.6 ?g?l-1 (TLC) (10 % of the 96-hour lethal concentration for marbled crayfish) and different water temperatures (17 and 23 °C). Crayfish, which was exposed to a lower water temperature conditions (17 °C) during the experiment, have been generally shown lower activity in behaviour against crayfish exposed to a higher temperature (23 °C). The effect of concentrations of thiacloprid (4.5 and 64.6 ?g?l-1) caused in the muscle and hepatopancreas LPO and changed GST activity. Statistically significantly (P<0.01) changes were observed in all tissues (muscle, hepatopancreas and gills), caused by effect of concentrations of thiacloprid (4.5 and 64.6 ?g ? l-1) and temperature condition (17 and 23 °C) during the experiment in SOD, CAT and GSH. The effect of thiacloprid concentration, water temperature condition and duration of action caused in haemolymph significantly (P<0.01) increase in GLU, NH3, AST, ALT and CK. Other parameters in haemolymph (LDH, TP, Ca2+, Mg2+) were affected only by the water temperature condition. Crayfish in higher water temperature condition (23 °C) showed higher values of these indicators in opposite to crayfish in colder temperature condition (17 °C). No different changes in haemolymph were observed only in two parameters (ALB and GLOB). The highest statistically significantly (P <0.05) changes of individual parameters inside each one group were observed especially after 14 and 28 days of exposure. Especially in higher concentration of thiacloprid and temperature was found that 28 days of depuration time was not sufficient to balance biochemical parameters to normal control values. At the end, it is apt to mention that water temperature condition had influence on individual parameters themselves, when in several cases different values of monitored biomarkers were measured between temperatures in groups exposed to the same concentrations of thiacloprid, even though their control groups showed no differences between temperatures. The results of this work confirm the synergistic effect of thiacloprid, temperature and duration of action on non-target aquatic organisms and could be used for other studies to evaluate the effect of thiacloprid and other pesticides on organisms.
|
|
|
Neonikotinoidy ve vodních ekosystémech a jejich vliv na necílové organismy
STROUHOVÁ, Alžběta
Neonicotinoids are one of the newesst class of pesticides, used in agriculture like insecticides. The first neonicotinoids has been used since the early 1990s, they become very popular and widely used worldwile for their low toxicity for vertebrates. Neonicotinoids were considered to be less toxic to aquatic organisms due to their low toxicity to standard test organisms Daphnia magna and Rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), but recent studies have shown the opposite of this assumption. Partial aim of this study was, among summary of existing knowledges of the neonicotinoids in aquatic ecosystem and their impact on non-target organisms, also evidence toxicity of neonicotinoid preparation CALYPSO 480 SC, which contains 48 % of thiacloprid. Three species of crayfish were used to provide the toxicity Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), Marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax) and Yabby (Cherax destructor). To asses the toxiciy of Calypso, the acute toxicity tests on crayfish and acute immobilisation test on daphnia were used. The exposure time of tests were 96 and 48 hours. Juvenile crayfish were the most sensitive, their 96hLC50 ranged between 0.52 and 1.6 mg/l, 96hLC50 for older crayfish were between 1.94 and 27.3 mg/l. The 48hEC50 value for daphnia was 32.7 mg/l. During the acute toxicity test on crayfish, out of the mortality, changes in behavior of orgaisms were observed, the most frequent changes were the reduction of aggressiveness, slowing of motion of limbs, gills and breathing. Crayfish turned on their back, individuals were apathetic and died.
|
|
|
Interaction of non-native species of crustaceans in Czech waters: Predator or prey?
ŠVAGROVÁ, Kateřina
This diploma thesis deals with non-native species of crustaceans, which are already present not only in Europe but also successfully inhabit the territory of the Czech Republic. The species that this work deals with is the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus), marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) and the killer shrimp (Dikerogammarus villosus). The main goal of this study was to demonstrate the ability of killer shrimp to attack and prey on the crayfish eggs and hatchlings of above mentioned species, which were used not only for theuir presencein Czech Republic but also as model representatives of families Astacidae and Cambaridae. It was therefore the confirmation of high aggressiveness of killer shrimp and point out, that this species is capable of negatively influencing even the bigger invertebrates by direct predation on their early developmental stages. Another aim was to assess whether the killer shrimp can be a suitable prey for a crayfish. As the experiments have shown, killer shrimp is able to predate on crayfish eggs and hatchlings even directly on females abdomens wehre they are incubated and protected. The results confirmed the theory of killer shrimp hazards to aquatic ecosystems and its potential to directly influence the populations of larger organisms. At the same time, it has been found that killer shrimp may be a suitable prey for adult and subadult individuals of signal crayfish and adults of marbled crayfish.
|
|
|
Physiology of special mirror eyes of molluscs, crustaceans and deep-sea fish
Remišová, Kateřina ; Hudec, René (advisor) ; Němec, Pavel (referee)
The majority of image forming systems in animal eyes are based on refractive optics. However, there are several eye types that use as a main image forming devises biological mirrors hence they are called mirror eyes. Biological mirrors are special type of tissue that reflects light beams usually by means of the constructive interference on multi-layers of alternating refractive indices. The mirror eye arrangement can be found mostly in animals living in the dim or deep water. Different types of mirror eyes have been described among molluscs, crustaceans and fishes. Moreover, the reflective superposition eyes of decapod crustaceans served as an inspiration for construction of the lobster-eye X- ray telescopes used in astrophysics. In this thesis, various types of mirror eyes are described. The overview of animals with mirror eyes is supplemented by description of their habitat. Finally, different types of mirror eyes are compared and their possible biomimetic application especially in optical technology is discussed. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
|
|
|
Crustaceans of Antarctic lakes - past and present status
Pokorný, Matěj ; Sacherová, Veronika (advisor) ; Nedbalová, Linda (referee)
Antarctic continent is one of the most severe regions on Earth and it is characterized by low annual temperatures, low precipitation, extensive ice cover and low energy input from the Sun. Nevertheless its lakes host not only microbial communities and protists but in many cases even in the most extreme localities also metazoans, especially rotifers and crustaceans. For at least the last 15 million years Antarctica has experienced massive glaciations that shape the distribution of organisms on this continent. Although it was originally thought that freshwater animals did not survive Quaternary glaciations in situ but migrated to milder regions in the north, nowadays it appears that at least in some cases it is not true. Direct evidence of survival of rotifers (Notholca sp.) and crustaceans (Daphniopsis studeri) in Antarctica was given by paleolimnological studies that were carried out in the Larsemann Hills and circumstantial evidence for permanent survival of crustaceans in Antarctica (e.g. Gladioferens antarcticus) is also growing. Antarctica is currently inhabited by about 14 species of freshwater crustaceans but recent climate changes and rapid warming of Antarctic Peninsula will probably lead to changes in the distribution of some species (e.g. Bockella poppei, Branchinecta gaini) that could, combined...
|
|
|
Structure of zooplankton in reservoirs of the Jizera Mountains during the peaking anthropogenic acidification and recovery from acidification (1992-2011)
Bímová, Tereza ; Hořická, Zuzana (advisor) ; Seďa, Jaromír (referee)
Acidic atmospheric deposition and acidification of soil and water on the Earth's surface, due to emissions of sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere, have led to drastic changes in the composition of surface waters and their biota in many regions of the world over the last century. The number of species and biomass of phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos were reduced, or some components (zooplankton, zoobenthos, fish) became extinct. In the Jizera Mountains (Northern Bohemia, Czech Republic), the man-made acidification has always been combined with a natural acidity (dystrophy) of waters, caused by a high amount of organic acids. Despite a strong recovery of water chemistry from acidification, that has started in the 1990s, biological recovery is delayed and much more complex. This master thesis is a study of the succession of zooplankton (crustaceans) in mountain reservoirs Souš, Bedřichov and Josefův Důl after decades of strong acidification. Biological recovery from acidification has been in progress differently in the drinking water reservoir Souš, which has long been limed, in the Bedřichov reservoir with naturally high content of organic material, and in the drinking water reservoir Josefův Důl, which is the largest and deepest one and which was most affected by acidification. Recovery of...
|
|
|
Branchiobdellidan population on alien species of crayfish in the Czech Republic
LOŽEK, Filip
The thesis summarizes the current knowledge about the class Branchiobdellae including their anatomy, ecology and geographic distribution with respect to the presence of introduced species in Europe. Using samples of Branchiobdellidan obtained from two introduced species of crayfish caught in a pond near Čáslavice u Moravských Budějovic (signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus) and in Černíský stream (eastern crayfish, Orconectes limosus), two out of seven European species of Branchiobdellidan were identified, namely B. parasita with 100% presence in the eastern crayfish and 58.7% presence in the signal crayfish, and B. pentodonta with 41.3% presence. Based on data collected from the caught crayfish and samples of Branchiobdellidan, the individual weight of eastern crayfish was proved to influence the quantity and biomass of Branchiobdellidan on the body of crayfish (p<0.001), i.e. increased quantity and biomass of Branchiobdellidan was found on more robust specimens of crayfish, however the effect of gender was not statistically significant. With respect to the signal crayfish, a significant difference was observed in the quantity and biomass of Branchiobdellidan depending on the weight of the crayfish (p<0.001), and the influence of the gender of the crayfish was detected (p<0.001), i.e. the quantity and biomass of Branchiobdellidan was higher on the surface of male specimens of crayfish. The presence of eggs in some female signal crayfish had no significant effect on the quantity and biomass of Branchiobdellidan (p=0.052), however in combination with the weight, the influence of the presence or absence of eggs was proved (p=0.011), more robust females showed increased quantity and biomass of Branchiobdellidan.
|
|
| |
guest ::
